The impact of the reference price system on the pharmaceutical market: A theoretical approach

This article analyses the impact of the reference price system on the price-setting strategies of the pharmaceutical firms and on the level of generic usage. This model is the first to take explicitly into account the impact of the reference price mechanism on the level of competition between brand-name and generic drugs and national pharmaceutical spending. We consider a duopolistic model with one firm producing the brand-name drug, whose patent has already expired, and the other producing the corresponding generic version. We work in a partial equilibrium framework where firms set prices sequentially and consumers face heterogeneous switching costs.We show that brand producers compensate the decline of profits by selling greater quantities instead of charging higher prices, thus fostering price competition in the pharmaceutical market. This result is a consequence of both the assumption of a vertically differentiated model and the introduction of the reference price system.Brand-name and generic drugs, pricing mechanismand switching costs

Medición de las preferencias de los consumidores sobre el comportamiento socialmente responsable de las empresas

La creciente globalización económica y la mayor transparencia informativa han favorecido la aparición de “consumidores socialmente responsables” y han marcado el pistoletazo de salida para las empresas en su carrera para posicionarse como agentes preocupados por el bienestar social. En este sentido, oferta y demanda se retroalimentan y, tanto las compañías como las administraciones públicas, están cada vez más interesadas en conocer hasta qué punto es estratégico invertir en actuaciones socialmente responsables. Aun siendo una cuestión de interés, todavía existe mucho desconocimiento acerca de cómo y cuánto valoran los consumidores las actuaciones socialmente responsables de las empresas y, por el momento, pocos estudios han intentado estimar la percepción y disponibilidad a pagar de los consumidores en relación con las actuaciones socialmente responsables de las empresas. Todo ello motiva el presente trabajo, orientado a medir empíricamente las preferencias de los consumidores españoles sobre el comportamiento socialmente responsable de las empresas.Responsabilidad social corporativa, preferencias declaradas, disponibilidad a pagar

El uso de la luz en la arquitectura barroca eclesiástica de Madrid. Estudio de casos y recuperación del lenguaje original.

La arquitectura barroca eclesiástica de Madrid guarda un encanto típico no muy explorado. Muchas fueron las iglesias construidas, durante los siglos XVII y XVIII, en la capital madrileña como defensa ante la creciente amenaza del protestantismo. La Contrarreforma, un periodo de dudas caracterizado por la angustia y dualidad cuyos contrastes se reflejan en la arquitectura de la época. La luz, como elemento material, participa en la creación de los espacios arquitectónicos dotándoles de significado. En esta comunicación se analiza el papel de la luz en el interior de algunas iglesias representativas del estilo barroco madrileño, con el objetivo de identificar el lenguaje lumínico utilizado en ellas, y la simbología de la luz en su contexto. Se estudian las reformas hechas en estas iglesias que han afectado a las condiciones originales de su iluminación natural, y su repercusión en la alteración de las supuestas intenciones iniciales de los arquitectos proyectistas. También se analiza la iluminación artificial actual de los casos de estudio en este mismo sentido, y su adecuación a la primitiva iluminación de las iglesias. Dentro del ámbito de la conservación del patrimonio, la investigación plantea la posible recuperación de las condiciones originales de iluminación, y los requisitos técnicos para la instalación de una iluminación artificial que recupere o potencie dichas condiciones

Single charge and exciton dynamics probed by molecular-scale-induced electroluminescence

Excitons and their constituent charge carriers play the central role in electroluminescence mechanisms determining the ultimate performance of organic optoelectronic devices. The involved processes and their dynamics are often studied with time-resolved techniques limited by spatial averaging that obscures the properties of individual electron-hole pairs. Here we overcome this limit and characterize single charge and exciton dynamics at the nanoscale by using time-resolved scanning tunnelling microscopy-induced luminescence (TR-STML) stimulated with nanosecond voltage pulses. We use isolated defects in C$_{60}$ thin films as a model system into which we inject single charges and investigate the formation dynamics of a single exciton. Tuneable hole and electron injection rates are obtained from a kinetic model that reproduces the measured electroluminescent transients. These findings demonstrate that TR-STML can track dynamics at the quantum limit of single charge injection and can be extended to other systems and materials important for nanophotonic devices

Kimura disease as an uncommon cause of persistent hypereosinophilia: a diagnostic challenge

Kimura disease (KD) is an unusual inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. Despite being described many years ago, KD might cause diagnostic difficulty or be confused with other conditions. Here, we present a 33-year-old Filipino woman who was referred to our hospital for evaluation of persistent eosinophilia and intense pruritus. Blood analysis and peripheral blood smear review showed high eosinophil counts (3.8 x109/L, 40%) that did not show morphological abnormalities. Besides, high serum IgE concentration was detected (33,528 kU/L). Serological tests were positive for Toxocara canis and treatment with albendazol was initiated. Nevertheless, increased eosinophil counts were still present after several months, alongside with high serum IgE concentrations and intense pruritus. During her follow-up, an inguinal adenopathy was detected. The biopsy revealed lymphoid hyperplasia with reactive germinal centers and massive eosinophil infiltration. Proteinaceous deposits of eosinophilic material were also observed. All these findings, together with peripheral blood eosinophilia and high IgE concentrations, confirmed the diagnosis of KD. The diagnosis of KD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of long-standing unexplained eosinophilia in association with high IgE concentrations, pruritus and lymphadenopathies

Home automation application based on Arduino controllable from mobile

This project is based on the construction of a model simulating a home automation with different operation modes which can be controlled also by a mobile application. To achieve this objective, a scale house that captures different signals, both digital and analog, has been developed. To approach the house to a real home automation application the variables under study and control are interior temperature and lighting, movement around the house and water level of the pool. The house has three main operating modes. In automatic mode, it performs the measurement and executes the control of the variables, regulating itself according to the conditions to which it is exposed. In contrast, the remote mode is achieved using the mobile application that allows user to modify the variables. Finally, in alarm mode it controls the parameters that assure the security of the house when proprietor is away from home. To capture the signals, the prototype has temperature, lighting, movement and water level sensors installed, and for the regulation and control it has a fan, some LED, an acoustic warning device and a water pump. The core is an Arduino Mega board that allows the application operation and receives, from an Android mobile application, operating modes commands and, if it is operating remotely, orders to individually control the different actuators. For the data transmission from the mobile to the board, is used communication via Bluetooth

Secondary Baryon Asymmetry in pi(+-)p Collisions

The process of secondary baryon production in pi(+-)p collisions at high energies in the central and forward fragmentation regions is considered in the framework of the Quark-Gluon String Model. The contribution of the string-junction mechanism to the baryon production is analysed. The results of numerical calculations are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data on the Lambda/bar(Lambda) and p/bar(p)$ asymmetries.Comment: Contribution to the Proceedings of QCD@Work 2007, International Workshop on Quantum Chromodynamics, Theory and Experiment, Martina Franca-Valle d'Itria, Italy, June 16-20, 2007 (6 pages and 4 figures

Colonic content: effect of diet, meals, and defecation

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Bendezú, Á., Mego, M., Monclús, E., Merino, X., Accarino, A., Malagelada, J., Navazo, I., Azpiroz, F. Colonic content: effect of diet, meals, and defecation. "Neurogastroenterology and motility", Febrer 2017, vol. 29, núm. 2, which has been published in final form at [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.recursos.biblioteca.upc.edu/doi/10.1111/nmo.12930/full]. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.The metabolic activity of colonic microbiota is influenced by diet; however, the relationship between metabolism and colonic content is not known. Our aim was to determine the effect of meals, defecation, and diet on colonic content. Methods: In 10 healthy subjects, two abdominal MRI scans were acquired during fasting, 1 week apart, and after 3 days on low- and high-residue diets, respectively. With each diet, daily fecal output and the number of daytime anal gas evacuations were measured. On the first study day, a second scan was acquired 4 hours after a test meal (n=6) or after 4 hours with nil ingestion (n=4). On the second study day, a scan was also acquired after a spontaneous bowel movement. Results: On the low-residue diet, daily fecal volume averaged 145 ± 15 mL; subjects passed 10.6 ± 1.6 daytime anal gas evacuations and, by the third day, non-gaseous colonic content was 479 ± 36 mL. The high-residue diet increased the three parameters to 16.5 ± 2.9 anal gas evacuations, 223 ± 19 mL fecal output, and 616 ± 55 mL non-gaseous colonic content (P<.05 vs low-residue diet for all). On the low-residue diet, non-gaseous content in the right colon had increased by 41 ± 11 mL, 4 hours after the test meal, whereas no significant change was observed after 4-hour fast (-15 ± 8 mL; P=.006 vs fed). Defecation significantly reduced the non-gaseous content in distal colonic segments. Conclusion & inferences: Colonic content exhibits physiologic variations with an approximate 1/3 daily turnover produced by meals and defecation, superimposed over diet-related day-to-day variations.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

On the evaluation of the Tutte polynomial at the points (1,-1) and (2,-1)

C. Merino proved recently the following identity between evaluations of the Tutte polynomial of complete graphs: t($K_{n+2}$; 1,−1) = t($K_n$;2,−1). In this work we extend this result by giving a large class of graphs with this property, that is, graphs G such that there exist two vertices u and v with t(G;1,−1) = t(G−{u,v};2,−1). The class is described in terms of forbidden induced subgraphs and it contains in particular threshold graphs.Postprint (published version